In search of the fabled tricorder

When two or more people from the world of medical technology meet, talk inevitably turns to the ongoing, yet elusive, search for an industry-standard, multi-disciplinary diagnostic device – the fabled tricorder.

Fans of Star Trek will recall the small, rectangular gadget with a top-mounted, rotating hood and shoulder strap, routinely carried by Dr ‘Bones’ McCoy whenever he was beamed down to a new planet.

Simply by waving it in the general direction of stricken Starship Enterprise crew members, Bones was somehow able to diagnose anything from acute Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome to an ingrown toenail. Of course, this was unnecessary for any crew member wearing a red shirt, as they would be killed by aliens.

While the Star Trek tricorder remains the stuff of science fiction, diagnostics companies globally continue to beaver away behind the scenes in search of a machine capable of diagnosing the highest number of possible conditions within a single technology.

A single diagnostic device for multiple conditions

Visitors to global conventions like Medica and Medlab – the latter was in Dubai at the start of February – will be aware of the now perennial beauty contest among companies showing off their latest prototypes of devices and software, aimed at facilitating multiple test capabilities.

A decade ago, Qualcomm, the San Diego-based communications technology company offered a $10 million prize to anyone who could produce a machine that most closely approximated the tricorder.

The winner was Final Frontier Medical Devices, based in Paoli, Philadelphia, whose DxtER device was capable of diagnosing 13 different conditions by integrating insights from clinical emergency medicine and data analysis from actual patients, using non-invasive sensors to collect vital signs, body chemistry, and biological function data.

Since then, the march of artificial intelligence (AI) has placed booster rockets under existing technologies, to create advances that would have seemed unthinkable only a few years ago.

Devices, such as digital stethoscopes like Clinicloud and Eko Core, and one-channel ECG monitors like WIWE and AliveCor's Kardia, reveal a focus on making diagnoses faster, more accurate, and convenient.

The availability of multi-channel ECGs, like the ECG Dongle, and multi-sensor devices such as Viatom Checkme Pro, further demonstrate the evolution of diagnostic capabilities.

These devices aim to streamline the diagnostic process, providing users with real-time data and promoting communication with smartphones for comprehensive health monitoring.

A Californian case study in efficiency

Last year, a team at the University of California-Santa Cruz announced it had developed a portable gadget that uses a special laser to analyse tiny particles in blood samples, to simultaneously identify multiple viruses, DNA, antibodies, and cancer markers.

Unlike other chip-based blood test devices that focus on a single target, this technology integrates optics and microfluidic channels on a chip, allowing it to identify various particles with different concentrations.

The device uses a laser beam to detect particles and adjusts its sensitivity to accurately measure both high and low concentrations. The researchers also applied machine learning to enhance accuracy in distinguishing different particle types. The technology is being commercialised for medical use and holds potential for studying neurodegenerative diseases and paediatric cancers.

The reason for the industry’s obsession with such devices is because, in the world of medical diagnostics, the pursuit of efficiency has become relentless, particularly since the COVID pandemic.

However, having a fantastic product with brilliant engineering is not enough. Cost-effectiveness and speed are crucial factors that can make or break a diagnostic device and the company behind it and, as demands on public health providers continue to mount, the significance of anything that can save doctors’ time, and the health service money, cannot be overstated.

An ongoing review of how to triage and treat general practice patients quickly and effectively is underway in many countries around the world. The current model, in which local family doctors’ surgeries are the first port of call for patients, is seen by many people as no longer fit for purpose, not least because they don’t currently operate outside of office hours, when more people now want to be seen.

In future, it is expected that much of the burden of general practice will fall on out-of-hours clinics and local pharmacies, and that cleverer and more versatile diagnostic technologies will play an ever greater role.

Limited shelf space in pharmacies and in confined consulting rooms, creates a demand for ever more compact and multifunctional solutions; hence, the search for tricorder-like devices.

A delicate balance of rapid diagnostics and treatment planning

Yet, while the physical and cost benefits of such devices are clear, there is a growing awareness that they might create new and unintended consequences for medical practitioners.

In particular there is a recognition of the dilemma GPs face when presented with immediate and potentially life-altering information about a patient's condition.

The delicate balance between rapid diagnostics and allowing healthcare professionals the time to carefully analyse and plan treatment is a critical consideration.

Part of the review’s remit is to find ways to free GPs from dealing with the relatively minor and less consequential conditions that they currently spend so much time diagnosing and treating.

Many countries have a large number of highly qualified pharmacists, with extensive pharmaceutical education, who could contribute significantly to alleviating pressures on local doctors’ surgeries, but whose skills are currently underutilised.

The lack of automation in pharmacy systems and physical constraints within premises prevent them realising their full diagnostic potential.

The new, if not final, frontier

But things are changing. Similar to the evolution of personal computers in recent decades, MedTech is now adapting to this demand.

The commercialisation of the testing devices is primarily being driven by American computer hardware companies rather than traditional players in the MedTech sector, with growing competition from China and India, countries which are developing an ever more prominent role in the industry that is driven by vast markets and a growing middle-class interest in healthcare.

And just as Microsoft and Apple came to dominate the manufacture and supply of PC software, it is anticipated that a small number of global suppliers will do the same for universal medical diagnostics.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) elements into these platforms is a notable development in the past couple of years, emphasising the interconnectedness of diagnostics and technology.

As digital health continues to advance, the collaboration with regulatory agencies becomes ever more crucial in ensuring the reliability and accuracy of these innovative diagnostic tools.

While existing devices may still fall somewhat short of the tricorder, the MedTech industry appears to remain focused on boldly going where no portable diagnostic tool has gone before.